HARVEST AND POST HARVEST PAPAYA

HARVEST AND POST HARVEST PAPAYA

1. Characteristics and Harvest
Papaya plants can be harvested after 9-12 months of age. Papaya fruit should be picked when the fruit was giving signs of maturation: the skin color of the fruit began to turn yellow. But there are still many farmers who pick the fruit when not overcooked.



2. How to Harvest
Harvesting is done by a variety of ways, generally harvest / plucking is done by using the "songgo" (in the form of bamboo on a half cone-shaped tip that is useful to keep the fruit does not fall when picked).

3. Harvest Period
Harvesting is done every 10 days.

Pests and diseases in papaya

Pests and diseases in papaya

Plant lice (aphid sp., Mites). Subtle body length 2-3 mm, green, yellow or black. Having a pair of bumps on the back of the stomach tube, grouse and long legs. Adult fleas, there are winged and not. Damage plants by sucking the liquid with the vacuum pencucuk long in the mouth.
Control: Spray with BVR or alternately PESTONA
A disease that is often detrimental to the papaya plants is caused by a fungus disease, mosaic virus, fall seeding, fruit rot, root neck, base of the stem and nematodes.
Disease die by the fungus Phytophthora flunky diisebabkan Parasitica, P. and Pythium aphanidermatum palmivora. Attacking papaya fruit and stem. Ways of prevention: a good lawn care, maintain cleanliness, and drainage and distribute Natural GLIO into the planting hole, while the root rot caused by fungus Meloidogyne incognita.
Nematodes. If the land has been planted with papaya, pawpaw planting is recommended in order not to return, to prevent nematode attack. Plants that are infected by nematodes cause leaf yellowing, wilting and death. Control: Pour into the planting hole PESTONA

Irrigation and Watering Plant Papaya

Irrigation and Watering Plant Papaya

Papaya plants need water but do not hold enough water that inundated. And the irrigation and drainage should be regulated carefully. Especially in areas with a lot of rain and clay landed, it must be made trenches. In the dry season, papaya plants need frequent watering.

PAPAYA PLANT MAINTENANCE

PAPAYA PLANT MAINTENANCE

1. Thinning and stitching
Spacing of plants is to obtain a female plant several trees in addition to male. This is done at the time of flowering.

2. Weeding
Papaya garden as well as other fruit orchards, requires weeding (weed removal). When and how often it must be weeded garden can not be ascertained with the firm, depending on the circumstances.

3. Technical
Papaya gardens gardens as well as other fruits, require ground. When and how often it should manage garden can not be ascertained with the firm, depending on the circumstances.



4. Fertilization
Papaya trees require lots of fertilizer, especially organic fertilizer, providing nutrients needed and can maintain soil moisture.
Ways of fertilizer:
- Each week after planting, gave chemical fertilizer, ZA 50 grams, 25 grams of urea, 50 grams of TSP and 25 grams of KCl, mixed and planted in a circle.
- One month later did the second fertilization ZA at 75 grams, 35 grams of urea, 75 grams of TSP, and 40 grams of KCl
- At the age of 3-5 months to do with the composition of the third fertilization ZA 75 grams, 50 grams of urea, 75 gramTSP, 50 g KCl
- Age 6 months and 1 month onwards are fertilized with 100 grams of ZA, 60 grams of urea, 75 gramTSP, and 75 grams of KCl
- Pour SUPERNASA into the planting hole with a dose of 1 tablespoon makan/10 liters of water every 1-2 months
- Spray NASA POC third dose cap / tank once every 1-2 weeks after planting until the age of 2-3 months
- After the age of 3 months spray with NASA POC 3-4 doses cap plus HORMONIK 1-2 cap / tank.
- Spraying the liver - the liver at the time of flowering so as not taxable or flower that blooms can be splashed safer.

INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES PAPAYA

INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES PAPAYA

1. Planting Hole Preparation
- Planting hole size 60 x 60 x 40 cm, were excavated in a row. Let the empty holes in order to get enough sunlight. - - After that the holes have been filled with soil mixed with manure 2-3 tin. If manure is not available can be used SUPERNASA kelubang splashed by planting a spoon makan/10 lt dose of water before planting. Hole - a hole covered with a convex mound 2-3 days left until the ground settles. After that new holes ready to be planted. The above holes made 1-2 months planting.
- If the seed is planted directly into the garden, then the holes - holes must be dug prior cropping. Planting holes for the seeds must be completed ± 5 months before the rainy season.

2. Investment mode
Each hole is filled with fruit seeds 3-4. Several months later the plant will be seen male and female or androgynous.

MEDIA PROCESSING planting PAPAYA

MEDIA PROCESSING planting PAPAYA

1. Preparation
Land cleared of grass, shrubs and other impurities, then hoe / hijacked.

2. Formation
- Form-sized bed width 200-250 cm, high 20-30 cm, long enough, the distance between beds 60 cm.
- Create a hole the size of 50 x 50 x 40 cm above the bed, with spacing of 2 x 2.5 m.

3. CalcificationIf the land to be planted with papaya are acidic (pH less than 5), after being given a mature manure, it should be added ± 1 kg Dolomite and allow 1-2 weeks.

4. Fertilization
Prior to fertilizer, soil to be planted with papaya must be dried one week, after it closed with a ground mixture of three tin manure that has been cooked or by SUPERNASA.

Papaya Seed Seeding Techniques and Papaya Seed Maintenance

Papaya Seed Seeding Techniques

- Seed inserted at a depth of 1 cm, then cover with soil. Watered every day. Seed germination appeared after 12-15 days. At a height of 15-20 cm or 45-60 days of planting seeds.
- The seeds can be directly planted / sown earlier. Seeding done two or three months before the seedlings were transferred to a garden nursery.

Papaya Seed Maintenance

In the nursery the seeds are sown in the bolt (row) with a distance of 50-10 cm. Seeds should not be submerged in deep, deep enough seeds, ie 1 cm. With good maintenance, the seeds will grow after 3 weeks of planting. NASA POC Spray once a week dose of 2 cap / tank

Preparation of papaya seeds

2. Preparation of papaya seeds
60 grams of seed per hectare (± 2000 plants). Seeds were soaked in a solution of the NASA POC 2 cc / liter for 1-2 hours, drained and dotted Natural GLIO later sowing in polybags size 20 x 15 cm. The medium used is a mixture two buckets of soil in the sieve plus a bucket of manure that has been cooked and sieved TSP plus 50 grams plus 30 grams of mashed Natural GLIO.

Papaya Cultivation

GROWTH REQUIREMENTS
Plants can be grown on high plains and 700 - 1000 masl, rainfall 1000 - 2000-mm / year, optimum temperature 22-26 degrees C and humidity around 40% and that is not too strong winds is very good for pollination. Fertile soil, crumbly, humus and should contain a lot of holding water, the ideal soil pH is neutral with a pH of 6 -7.

Seeding
1. Terms of Seeds / Seed
- The seeds are used as seeds taken from fruits that have been cooked properly and comes from the tree of choice. Fruit choice in the split second to take the seeds. Seeds are removed and then washed until the skin covering the dried beans and wasted a shady place.
- Seeds are used as the seed fresh. Seedlings should not be taken from the fruit was too ripe / old and not from an old tree.

Harvesting of Grape

Harvest

Harvest after the age of one year, and subsequent continuous fruit 1-2 times a year depending on the trim pieces.

Pest and Disease Management of Grape

Pest and Disease Management

A. Pest
- Head lice Phylloxera (Phylloxera vitifoliae), roots and leaves, sucking fluids. Symptoms: didaun formed small boils and swollen roots, such as warts, consequently stunted growth, withered and the fruit a bit. Control: to cut and burn infected plants, spray or PESTONA BVR

- Red Mite (Tetranychus sp.), Yellow spots on leaves and turn black, resulting in stunted and the fruit is reduced. Control: Spray or PESTONA BVR

- Caterpillars bag (Mahasena corbetti), takes the top surface of the leaf, place small holes in leaves. Control: Prune and cut the weight of plants attacked and burned and spray with PESTONA + NASA POC

- Leaf Beetle (Apogonia Destructor), consuming or damaging the leaves, then make small holes on the leaf surface. Control: pairs of light trap and destroy, spray PESTONA

- Grayak caterpillar (Spodoptera sp.), Attacking the leaves until broken and hollow. Control: Spray with Natural VITURA

- Moth grapes (Paralobesia viteana or Grape Berry Moth), the larvae eat the flowers and fruit are still the old faucet and so the fruit is not normal. Control; Dispose of fallen fruit and fuel, spray PESTONA later than 14 days before harvest
Other pests such as termites, rats, birds, squirrels and bats. Control: field sanitation, pack fruit, insects and a trap drive

B. Disease
- Flour Fake (Downy Mildew), mushrooms Plasmopora viticola, attacking the young stems, vines, fruit fruit stalk and grain. Control; reduce humidity garden (trimmed), cut and destroy infected plants, attach the shade, Natural GLIO + sugar.

- Truffles Flour (Powder Mildew), fungus Uncinula Necator, attacking all stages of growth. Leaves rolled up and covered the abnormal form of flour until slightly darker gray, brown stem pain. Control: Spray Natural GLIO + sugar.

- Leaf spots (Alternaria and Cercospora viticola Vitis), arising brown spots and black spots so that the shoots and leaves dry and fall. Control: Sanitation gardens, reducing the humidity garden, cut and destroy infected leaves, spray with Natural GLIO

- Leaf Rust, mold Physopella ampelopsidis, there is an orange powder on the underside of the leaves and on the upper side of leaves are yellowish green patches and the entire surface covered with layers of flour so the leaves dry and fall. Control: Prune sick leaves and spray with Natural GLIO + granulated sugar

- Black Rot (Black Rot), fungus Guignardia bidwelli, small patches of white on the color of the fruit is almost ripe with brown edges, then settles rotten fruit and black mengeriput like "mummi". Control: Prune the pain, reduce the moisture, wrap the fruit, sugar + Natural GLIO

- Scabies (controlling scab), Mushroom Elsinoe ampelina, attacking all parts of the plant. Gray spots with reddish-brown edge, then hardens and scabby fruit flesh. Control: Prune diseased part, field sanitation, Natural Spray GLIO + granulated sugar

- Grey Mould Rot (Gray Mould Rot), Botrytis cinerea fungus, growing on the grapes before cooking. Fruit dark brown, shriveled and rotten. Control: harvest and post harvest handling is good, Natural Spray GLIO + sugar.

Note: If the control of pests and diseases with natural pesticides can be used has not been able to cope with chemical pesticides is recommended. Spraying of chemical pesticides in order to more evenly and not easily lost by rain water add 810 AERO Adhesives Straighten dose + 5 ml (1 / 2 cap) everytank

Management Flower and Fruit of Grape

Management Flower and Fruit of Grape

- Crop fertilization conducted two phases of the moon a year from March to April and July-August and is performed at a tertiary branches which have been aged one year
- The branches are trimmed and flourish 40-10 buds leave, while the less fertile branches leaving 1-3 buds
- Branch / twig remaining cuts and arranged evenly spread across the surface of the rack, and tied to the right and left with a rope.
- Spray with HORMONIK 1-2 doses per tank lid after trimmed once every 7-10 days
- Maintain three flower panicles per shoot and cut the new shoots that grow on top of interest to form ovary
- Jarangkan dompolan fruit at 50% - 60%, ie when the fruit size of grains by taking acid fruit grains lying cheek by jowl, long-stemmed, abnormal, damaged with a small sterile scissors.
- If the rainy season, put on white plastic roof rack and pack the fruit with plastic or paper bags cement

Pruning and Establistment of Grape

Pruning and Establistment of Grape

1. Proper pruning time one year old.
2. Try each tree has a main stem, primary branches, secondary and tertiary.
3. Cut the stems of plants as high loft, so the growth of new shoots (primary branch).
4. Two weeks elongated branches that grow more or less one meter immediately trimmed at the edges in order to grow new shoots (secondary branch).
5. Secondary branch length of one meter in order to cut the growing point tumbun new shoots (tertiary branches).
6. This tertiary branches that produce fruit.
7. Feature branch ready to be cut, the tip bud easily be broken, and if trimmed dripping water, brown branches.
8. Notice the visual characteristics of trimmed buds, vegetative buds and generative shape tapering blunt.

9. Grape pruning mode is:
10. Short Crop, reserving 1-2
11. Prune is, reserving 3-6

12. Crop length, allowing seven or more

Making Propagation for Grape

Making Propagation

Propagation need to creating a model:
1. The model-its, the pole-mounted according to the spacing of wine with a height of 2 to 3.5 m and mounted rack in the form of wire or woven bamboo or wood, the distance eye webbing + 40 cm.
2. Model Fence / Kniffin, made a fence-shaped. Distance between poles 3-5 m and a height of 150-200 cm, connect with a wire attached to a horizontal row of 2-3. Situated at the bottom of the first wire 60 cm from soil surface, and is 70 cm above the wire.
3. Model shrub, tree or wood in the form of ordinary, then the top is installed where the buffer width along the 2 m and 2 m.
Installation is done before the plant propagation trimmed and shaped.

Fertilization of Grape

Fertilization

Fertilization based on plant age, namely:Fertilization
Fertilizing the soil evenly distributed and mixed in a circle as far as 25 cm from the trunk and then closed and irrigated or by way of fertilizer eds
a. Young plants until the age of 6 months (per tree). Plant age, type and dose of fertilizer per tree
1. 10 days - 3 months, 10 days interval Urea ZA 7.5 grams or 10 grams, each time fertilizing
2. > 3-6 months, 15 days interval Urea 15 grams or 20 grams each time ZA fertilizer
3. Each one month NASA SUPER 1-2 tablespoons (sm) / 10 liters of water

b. Plant Age 6 months to 1 year (per tree). Age of plant types and dosages of each tree
1. > 6 months 1-2 tablespoons of SUPER NASA and Urea 22.5 gr or 30 gr ZA
2. SUPER 9 months NASA and Urea 1-2 tablespoons or 33.75 gr ZA 45 gr
3. NASA SUPER 12 months and 1-2 tablespoons ZA Urea 50 grams or 60 grams.

Note:

- Giving SUPERNASA splashed.
- It would be more optimal spraying NASA POC (3-4 TTP) + HORMONIK (1 cap) per tank.

Productive plants produce fruit (more than 4 years)
Fertilizing three times a year (April, August, December). Dose of 600 grams each time fertilizing Urea + TSP + 300 gr 375 gr KCl + SUPER NASA makan/10 1-2 tablespoons lt / tree

Irrigation of Grape

Irrigation

Watering young plants 1-2 times a day and adults 3 days. Three weeks before pruning, irrigation was stopped and 2-3 days after cutting the water supplied again. After fertilization and irrigation was stopped before picking fruit.

Land and Breeding of Preparing in Grape

LAND PREPARATION

1. Clean land, hoe / plow until crumbly.
2. Liming on acid soils dose of 5 tons / ha.
3. Create a channel entry and removal of irrigation water
4. Make the planting hole 60x60x50 cm / 75x75x70 cm, spacing 3 x 3 m / 5 x 4 m, + 2-4 weeks of dry, fill the soil layer below the bottom of the hole.
5. Mix the top layer of soil: manure (+ 20-40): sand ratio of 1:1:2 and Natural GLIO + 50-10 grams / hole and fill to the top of the hole.

BREEDING OF PREPARING

Seedlings ready for planting the age of 1.5 - 2 moon, 50-10 cm roots, growing up healthy, sprouted two.

Grape Cultivation

INTRODUCTION

Production of grapes (Vitis sp.) In Indonesia is not yet optimal. PT. Natural Nusantara seeks to increase the production of wine in quantity, quality and environmental sustainability (aspect of K-3) to compete in the era of free markets.

GROWTH REQUIREMENTS

25-300 m altitude above sea level, temperature 25-310 C, 75-80% humidity, radiation intensity 50% - 80%, 3-4 dry months, rainfall 800 mm / year and soil pH 6-7. Type of soil: clay and sandy clay (alluvial and grumosol).